Sensor Networks - III in IoT

WSNs in Agriculture

AID : A Prototype for Agricultural Intrusion Detection Using Wireless Sensor Network

A set of sensor nodes are deployed over an agricultural field

Each of the board are enabled with two type of sensors :
a) Passive Infrared (PIR)
b) Ultrasonic

When an intruder enters into the field through the boundary (perimeter) of the field, the PIR sensor detects the object.

The ultrasonic sensor senses the distance at which the object is located.

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs)

Incorporation of low cost camera (typically CMOS) to wireless sensor nodes

Camera sensor (CS) nodes
- capture multimedia (video, audio, and the scalar) data, expensive and resource hungry , directional sensing range

Scalar sensor (SS) nodes
- sense scalar data (temperature, light, vibration, and so on), omni-directional sensing range, and low cost

WMSNs consist of less number of CS nodes and large number of SS nodes

WMSNs Application

In security surveillance, wild-habitat monitoring, environmental monitoring, SS nodes cannot provide precise information
CS nodes replace SS nodes to get precise information
Deployment of both CS and SS nodes can provide better sensing and prolong network lifetime

Topology Management in WMSNs

Video data are larger in size (e.g., 1024 bytes) which require larger bandwidth and consume high battery power
Coverage of the event should be provided as soon as the event occurs
Connectivity is another important metric that should be provided during video data transfer from the event area to the control center
Therefore, Ntirawen et al. proposed the distributed topology management of the WMSNs considering coverage, connectivity , and network lifetime
Coverage of the event is provided by using Coalition Formation Game between the CS and SS nodes